History/mythology meme псто #2

[acityofmarble]

В старом посте кончилось место для буковок.
Продолжаю в новом.

водные нимфы

mythology meme: creatures or beings
↳ water nymphs (naiads, nereids & oceanids)
Naiads (Ναϊάδες ) was the collective name for the nymphs that presided over bodies of fresh water (such as fountains, rivers, brooks, springs, etc.). A naiad was closely connected to their body of water: if the water dried up, the naiad perished.
Nereids (Νηρειδες ), the fifty daughters of the titan Nereus and oceanid Doris, were considered the nymphs of the seas, especially the Mediterranean. They were depicted as beautiful young women who were patrons of sailors and fishermen.
Oceanids (Ὠκεανίδες ) were the three thousand daughters of the titans Okeanos and Thetys, their realm the open ocean. Hesios names figures such as Kalypso, Klymene, and Dione, among others, as some of these nymphs.
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Ромул и Рем

mythology meme: mythical rulers
↳ romulus and remus of alba longa
Twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia, they were nursed by a she-wolf as infants and raised by a simple shepherd and his wife. Once they reached adulthood, they helped overthrow the false king of Alba Longa. Rather than press their own claim to the throne, however, they decided to restore the rightful king, and found a new city of their own. A disagreement arose, concerning the location of this new city; the brothers fought and Remus was killed. Romulus founded Rome and brought it glory, but as the years passed he became increasingly autocratic, and in the end either disappeared, ascended to the heavens to become a god in his own right, or was killed by the Senate, depending on the particular version of the myth.
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шелковый путь

history meme: objects or places | the Silk Road
The Silk Road is a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa. The road, a series of caravan routes with trading posts and oases, extended almost 7000 miles from Rome and Syria to the Yellow River, in China, and lasted from about the Han Dynasty in the 2nd century B.C. to the 15th A.D.
Traders exchanged such items as silk, which was especially important to the Romans, ceramics, glass, precious metals, ivory, gems, medical herbs, exotic animals, and livestock on the Silk Road. Inadvertently, the Silk Road transmitted language, disease, and genes. Alliances were forged to fight against common enemies. Buddhism made use of the Silk Road in its spread to Central Asia and China. Manichaeism and Islam also spread along the routes.
Free exchange along the Silk Road persisted well through the 15th century, when the rise of Islamic empires began to constrict trade. Foreign relations breakdowns also compromised the security of the route, as nations began to vie for supremacy in regions like the Middle East, making it difficult to transport goods along the Silk Road. The development of alternative trading routes by sea became a pressing concern, leading to the discovery of the Americas and extensive shipping routes along the way.
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Генрих IV (король Франции)

history meme: kings/queens | Henri IV of France
Henry IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610) was King of France from 1589 to 1610. Baptised a Catholic, he converted to Protestantism. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion; he barely escaped assassination at the time of the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, and he later led Protestant forces against the royal army. But as a French Prince of the Blood by reason of his descent from King Louis IX, he ascended the throne of France in 1589. In accepting the throne, he found it prudent to abjure his Calvinist faith and became catholic.
One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects (his nickname : Le Bon Roi Henri -The fair King Henri). Pragmatic politician, he displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. Notably, he promulgated the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants, thereby effectively ending the Wars of Religion. Although he was a man of kindness, compassion and good humor, and was much loved by his people, Henry was the subject of attempts on his life.
King Henry IV was assassinated in his coach, in Paris on 14 May 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, François Ravaillac, who stabbed the king to death in the Rue de la Ferronnerie. Henry was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica. His widow, Marie de’ Medici, served as regent for their nine-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
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всадники Апокалипсиса

Christian mythology: the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
When the time of the Last Judgement comes, four riders of the divine Apocalypse shall be summoned and the Earth will tremble beneath the hooves of their mighty horses. Pestilence will come riding on his white horse, purefying the mortal flesh of all sin with his scorching breath. War will be perched atop his fiery charger, laying siege to all mortal armies, drawing blood and cries for mercy. Famine will thunder to the scene of carnage on his black steed, weighing all of the sins, creating a great hunger for absolution. And in the end, on his pale horse, Death will silently march on after the performance of his brothers has reached its end. The Grim Reaper will collect the dead and their tears, and replace them with hope. This shall spell the beginning of a new dawn.
Now I watched when the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures say with a voice like thunder, “Come!” And I looked, and behold, a white horse! And its rider had a bow, and a crown was given to him, and he came out conquering, and to conquer. (Revelation 6: 1-3)
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Илиада

mythology meme: epics
↳ the iliad (Ἰλιάς )
The earlier of the two epic poems attributed to Homer, the Iliad is one of the earliest works in Western literature, usually dated to around the eight century BC. Written in what is today referred to as Homeric Greek, the epic retells the events of the last weeks in the tenth and final year of the Trojan war. There are many interwoven themes in the poem, but the first word of it, mēnin (accusative of mēnis), establishes the central theme: wrath, both divine and mortal. Another of the most notable themes is the idea of kēr, or fated death, which is tightly bound to both kleos and timê – honour and glory.
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Коса Смерти

MYTHOLOGY MEME|OBJECTS
DEATH’S SCYTHE is the weapon usually depicted as the Grim Reaper’s. This stems mainly from the Christian Biblical belief of death as a “harvester of souls”. Sometimes Death is seen carrying an axe instead. The concept of Death as a sentient entity has existed in many societies since the beginning of history. In English, Death is often given the name Grim Reaper and, from the 15th century onwards, came to be shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large scythe and clothed in a black cloak with a hood.
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ящик Пандоры

mythology meme: myths, legends, and stories
↳ pandora’s box
Although the phrase ‘Pandora’s box’ is the most common in popular use, the term ‘Pandora’s jar’ would be more appropriate. The misconception was born some time during the 16th century when Erasmus of Rotterdam translated the original Greek text into Latin.
In classical Greek mythology, Pandora is the first human woman, created by Hephaestus at the command of Zeus. All the gods bestowed some kind of a blessing to her: Athena gave the skill for weaving and produced clothes for Pandora; Aphrodite gave charm and beauty; Hermes gave the power of speech, curiosity, and her name, Πανδώρα, (which means ‘all-gifted’ or ‘all-endowed’) to signify the unique gifts she received from the gods. She was also given a large jar (πίθος ) and told not to open it under any circumstances. She was presented to Prometheus’s brother Epimetheus, who accepted her, although his brother had warned him not to accept any gifts from the gods. Of course, Pandora’s inquisitive nature gets the best of her and she opens the jar, releasing all sorts of woes unto the world to torment humankind. Only Hope remains in the jar.
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Гражданская война в Риме

history meme — italian version // caesar’s civil war
The Great Roman Civil War (49–45 BC), also known as Caesar’s Civil War, was one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire. It began as a series of political and military confrontations, between Julius Caesar (100–44 BC), his political supporters (broadly known as Populares), and his legions, against the Optimates (or Boni), the politically conservative and socially traditionalist faction of the Roman Senate, who were supported by Pompey (106–48 BC) and his legions.
After a four-year-long (49–45 BC) politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Albania, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania, Caesar defeated the last of the Optimates in the Battle of Munda and became Dictator perpetuo (Perpetual Dictator) of Rome. The changes to Roman government concomitant to the war mostly eliminated the political traditions of the Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and led to the Roman Empire (27 BC–AD 476).
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ангелы Божьи

MONSTERS AND MAGIC | Angels of the Lord
It originally meant messenger, but God militarised them. And they let him. Legions of them, flaming swords and blinding halos, earthshakers, death on pale wings. The word of God is etched on their skin in Old Enochian; the wind through their feathers sings the Book of Revelation. They are beautiful, but only in the way monsters are beautiful: because they know how to kill.
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Великий пожар Рима

HISTORY MEME: moments: The great fire of Rome (64 AD)
The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire that started on the night between 18 and 19 July in the year 64 AD. According to Tacitus, the fire spread quickly and burned for six days. Only four of the fourteen districts of Rome escaped the fire; three districts were completely destroyed and the other seven suffered serious damage.
It was said by Cassius Dio that Nero, the emperor at the time, sang the “Sack of Ilium” in stage costume as the city burned. However, Tacitus’ account has Nero in Antium at the time of the fire. Tacitus said that Nero’s playing his lyre and singing while the city burned was only a rumor.
It is uncertain who or what actually caused the fire — whether accident or arson. According to Tacitus, some in the population held Nero responsible, as soon after he built himself a huge house in the center of Rome called the “Golden House”. To diffuse blame, Nero targeted the Christians. There were Christians who confessed to the crime, but it became known that Christians were forced to confess by means of torture, and the passage is unclear as to what the Christians confessed to — being arsonists or Christians. Suetonius and Cassius Dio favor Nero as the arsonist with an insane desire to destroy the city as his motive, or to rebuild Rome in a new style more to his liking. However, major accidental fires were common in ancient Rome. In fact, Rome burned again under Vitellius in 69 and under Titus in 80.
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книга Юдифь

mythology meme: myths, legends, and stories
↳ the book of judith
Often regarded as the first historical novel or a parable, The Book of Judith appears in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Septuagint Christian Old Testament of the Bible.
King Nebuchadnezzar, a powerful ruler of Assyria, sends the fearsome leader of his army, Holofernes, to wipe out the city states that had refused to aid him in a previous war. One of the cities targeted is Bethulia, which was located near Jerusalem. Holofernes lays siege on the city; the people soon run out of drinking water. They pray to God to help them, but after five days no relief has come. Judith, an influential and beautiful widow, decides to take matters into her own hands.
She prays to God to make her a good liar, and to give her, his loyal servant, the power to help her people. After dressing in her finest garments and best jewellery, she lets herself and her maidservant be captured by Assyrians just outside of city walls, promising a way to take the city easily, without losing but a single soldier, if she’s taken to Holofernes. The soldiers were enchanted by her beauty and fulfilled her request. When she is presented to Holofernes, he’s taken aback by her beauty and quick wit. He tells all his soldiers to leave the tent and lies down on his sheepskins to get drunk in the company of Judith. After a while, he’s out cold, and Judith, seeing no other way, takes his sword from its sheath and hacks off Holofernes’s head. She wraps it in a cloth and brings it to Bethulia, where it’s deliberately put in view of the Assyrians’ battlements. Terrified, the now leaderless Assyrians flee and are easily picked off one by one by the Israelites. Judith becomes a national heroine, and lives to be a hundred and five.
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Вальхалла

mythology meme: locations
↳ valhalla
In Norse mythology, Valhalla is the place where the souls of those who die in battle are gathered to await Ragnarök, the end of the world. Among them are all sorts of warriors, from rulers to simple footsoldiers, and collectively they are known as the einherjar. There are several mythological creatures who live in Valhalla as well, such as the goat Heiðrún, who produces mead for the einherjar, and the stag Sæhrímnir, who is resurrected every night to provide sustenance for the einherjar.
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Саньцзуу

EAST ASIAN MYTHOLOGY MEME:
LEGENDARY CREATURES | SANZUWU
The three-legged crow is a creature found in various mythologies of Asia, Asia Minor and North Africa. It is believed by many cultures to inhabit and represent the sun. In Chinese mythology and culture, the three-legged crow is called the Sanzuwu (三足烏 ).
The most popular depiction and myth of a Sanzuwu is that of a sun crow called the Jīnwū, or “golden crow”. According to folklore, there were originally ten sun crows which settled in 10 separate suns. They perched on a red mulberry tree called the Fusang, literally meaning the Leaning Mulberry Tree, in the East at the foot of the Valley of the Sun. This mulberry tree was said to have many mouths opening from its branches. Each day one of the sun crows would travel around the world on a carriage, driven by Xihe, the ‘mother’ of the suns. As soon as one sun crow returned, another one would set forth in its journey crossing the sky.
According to Shanhaijing, the sun crows loved eating two sorts of mythical grasses of immortality, one called the Diri, or “ground sun”, and the other the Chunsheng, or “spring grow”. The sun crows would often descend from heaven on to the earth and feast on these grasses, but Xihe did not like this thus she covered their eyes to prevent them from doing so. Folklore also held that, at around 2170 BC, all ten sun crows came out on the same day, causing the world to burn; Houyi, the celestial archer, saved the day by shooting down all but one of the sun crows.
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смерть короля Артура

mythology meme: myths, legends, and stories
↳ king arthur’s death and messianic return
Although some consider King Arthur to be a legitimate historical figure, the general consensus is that he is at least partly folklore and literary invention. In any case, King Arthur was an immensely famous leader of the Britons, dated to approximately the late fifth or early sixth century A.D.
The stories of King Arthur and his knights became very popular in the medieval period, with the best-known accounts of the tales coming from authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth and Chrétien de Troyes, the latter of whom introduced stories of the Holy Grail and Sir Lancelot to the legend, and whose work later became the basis for Arthurian romances. The stories pertaining the legendary king and his companions are compositely referred to as the Matter of Britain.
There are many stories of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, but they all culminate with the Battle of Camlann, the final battle of the legendary king. The story is more or less as follows: King Arthur, after pursuing Sir Lancelot to France, returns to find that Mordred, who is traditionally either Arthur’s illegitimate son or his nephew, has taken over the land and therefore betrayed him. A battle erupts, Mordred is slain and Arthur mortally wounded.
Of King Arthur’s fate after the Battle of Camlann, there are three popularly accepted versions. The earlier states that he survived, but was transported to the mythical island of Avalon to be healed of his wounds. The later version says that he died in the battle, but was still taken to Avalon. The third version simply states that the legendary king was turned into a raven. Another, rather obscure interpretation, says that after death, he was turned into the constellation of Boötes, the brightest star of which is called Arcturus. However, all versions agree that King Arthur is fated to return one day, which is why he’s often referred to as the once and future king.
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гора Олимп

mythology meme: locations
↳ mount olympos
In Ancient Greece, the highest peak of Mount Olympos, Mytikas, was thought to be the home of the gods, the most important of whom were the Dodekatheon, alternatively known as the Twelve Olympians – Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, Hephaestus or Hades, Hermes, and Dionysus or Hestia. The Dodekatheon held council and decided matters of the world at the palace of Zeus.
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Ашвамедха

Mythology - Ashwamedha’s horses
Ashwamedha ke ghode daurana, or running horses for Ashwamedha, was an ancient ritual done by kings to assert their power and expand their empires. If a ruler was powerful enough, they could perform a sacrifice and let Ashwamedha’s horses run outwards from their kingdom into and past adjacent territories, with a small army following behind. If the horses were allowed to pass through peacefully, the area would come under the jurisdiction of the king, without the need for any bloodshed. However, a nation could choose to kill the horse; its people would then go to war with the approaching army, and their fate would be determined by traditional battles. This practice had the advantage of preventing unnecessary death, but at the same time could be taken as an insult by countries that let the horses pass even if they weren’t allied to the king sending the animals. In Hindu mythology, Yudhishtira performs the Ashwamedha yagya at the end of the Mahabharat.
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Валькирии

FIGURES OF NORSE MYTHOLOGY: VALKYRIES
The Valkyries are beautiful young women, mounted upon winged horses and armed with helmets and spears. They scout battlefields, selecting the bravest of slain warriors and escorting them to Valhalla. In this immense, majestic hall, ruled by Odin, these warriors (the Einherjar) fight, feast, and prepare for the oncoming battle of Ragnarok. The Valkyries are also Odin’s messengers. When they ride forth on their errands, their armor causes the lights known as Aurora Borealis.
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Цербер

MYTHOLOGY MEME » c e r b e r u s ( kέρβερος ) || guardian of the gates of hades
"Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange; through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog; over the multitude immers’d beneath."
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Психея

Female BAMFs of Mythology
- Psyche
The Myth of Psyche and Eros has been proven to have been just a myth, and first appeared in Lucius Apuleius’ novel, The Golden Ass, which was written in the 2nd Century AD. It is a story about Psyche, a princess - of Sicily - so beautiful that she could have rivalled the Goddess of beauty, Aphrodite. Aphrodite was jealous of Psyche’s beauty, and sent her son, Eros (Cupid) to shoot her with an arrow and make her fall in love with the ugliest creature on earth. Eros went to Psyche’s room, pulled out his bow and golden arrows, and accidentally scratched himself when Psyche woke up and looked right into his eyes. Enraged, Aphrodite cursed Psyche with never being able to find a suitable husband. Her father, the King of Sicily, gets worried and consults an oracle, who tells him to take her to a mountaintop and leave her. Eros took her to a secret palace and eventually ended up marrying her. Zeus, the King of Olympus, makes her Psyche the Goddess of Soul. She and Eros have one child; Voluptas the Goddess of Sensual Pleasures.
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Артемида

WE’RE ALL GODS | Artemis
Artemis was the goddess of chastity, virginity, the hunt, the moon, and the natural environment.
She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, twin sister of Apollo. She was born on the island of Ortygia (Delos), where Leto had found shelter after being hunted by the lawful wife of Zeus, Hera. As soon as Artemis was born, she helped her mother give birth to her twin brother, thereby becoming the protector of childbirth and labour. She asked her father to grant her eternal chastity and virginity, and never gave in to any potential lovers; devoted to hunting and nature, she rejected marriage and love.
She was the protector of nature and the hunt; both wild and tame animals were under her protection. She also protected the agriculture and animal herding.
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Тартар

mythology alphabet: t - tartarus [(Greek: Τάρταρος )], in ancient Greek mythology, is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans. As far below Hades as the earth is below the heavens, Tartarus is the place where souls were judged after death and where the wicked received punishment.
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Мама

EAST ASIAN MYTHOLOGY MEME: KOREAN GODS AND GODDESSES | MAMA
MAMA [Mama-Shin] is the Korean Goddess of Smallpox.
The smallpox goddess left spirit footprints, which appeared as pimples, on the bodies of those she visited.
If children talked while in the grip of fever, it was her voice. The ritual to send away Mama began five days after infection, when poxes appeared. Clean drinking water was employed to ritually welcome her spirit.
Conducted by a woman shaman, the preventive ceremony continued through the 12th day, when the patient was no longer in danger; then Mama was sent away on a mugwort mount.
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Иггдрасиль

The lands of men are but one of many worlds, bound by the World Tree: Yggdrasil. At its base, the Norns weave men’s fate. Below the dragon Nidhogg chews away at the roots, seeking to destroy the tree itself. It was among the boughs of Yggdrasil that the gods created Midgard, the land of men. Pleased with their creation, the gods built a home of their own. Far above our world, they constructed the mighty city of Asgard. It was here the gods would feast and reign until the end of time, with Odin king above all. [x]
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Бернини

history meme ∙ pairings ∙ bernini & marble
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (also spelled Gianlorenzo or Giovanni Lorenzo) (Naples, 7 December 1598 – Rome, 28 November 1680) was an Italian artist and a prominent architect who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. In addition, he painted, wrote plays, and designed metalwork and stage sets. A student of classical sculpture, Bernini possessed the ability to capture, in marble, the essence of a narrative moment with a dramatic naturalistic realism which was almost shocking. (+more)
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Серафим

★. mythological figures // pt. i: christianity;
↳ Hierarchy of Angels:
01. Seraphim: a type of celestial or heavenly beings in the Abrahamic religions. Literally “burning ones”, the word seraph is normally a synonym for serpents when used in the Hebrew Bible. They are the highest angelic class and serve as the caretakers of God’s throne and continuously shout praises: “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts; the whole earth is full of his glory!” According to Isaiah 6:2, the Seraphim have six wings: “with two he covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew”.
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Хуа Мулань

KICKASS WOMEN IN HISTORY: HUA MULAN
Hua Mulan was a legendary figure in Chinese history. She lived from 581 to 618 AD during the Sui Dynasty, though other records place her between 386 and 534 AD, during the Northern Wei Dynasty. While the dates may be disputed, her story is unequivocal. Mulan’s father was a soldier and raised her like a boy. She not only learned weaving and embroidery from her mother, but also practiced martial arts, equitation, archery, and fencing with her father. In her spare time she liked to read her father’s manuals on military strategy. When war broke out and the emperor was calling for soldiers, Mulan disguised herself as a man and went in her father’s place. She served for twelve long years, in that time she witnessed traumatic horrors, lost dear friends, and received numerous honours. After the war ended, the emperor wanted to award her an official position, but she declined and asked for a good horse instead as she wished to return home to her family. No other woman in Chinese history has inspired more admiration than Mulan, who is considered an embodiment of loyalty and filial piety.
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Помпеи

HISTORY MEME: {Natural Disasters} - Pompeii
Mount Vesuvius, a volcano near the Bay of Naples in Italy, is hundreds of thousands of years old and has erupted more than 50 times. Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when the volcano buried the ancient Roman city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. The dust “poured across the land” like a flood, one witness wrote, and shrouded the city in “a darkness…like the black of closed and unlighted rooms.” Two thousand people died, and the city was abandoned for almost as many years.
When a group of explorers rediscovered the site in 1748, they were surprised to find that—underneath a thick layer of dust and debris—Pompeii was mostly intact. The buildings, artifacts and skeletons left behind in the buried city have taught us a great deal about everyday life in the ancient world. x
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Пандемониум

Mythology Meme → Three mythological locations → Pandæmonium
Pandæmonium is the capital of Hell in the epic poem Paradise Lost by the 17th century English poet John Milton. The demons built it in about an hour, but it far surpassed all human palaces or dwellings; it may have been small, however, as the demons are described as shrinking from their titanic size in order to fit in.
It was designed by the architect Mulciber, who had been the designer of palaces in Heaven before his fall. In Milton, Mulciber is also the Roman God Vulcan.
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Одиссей, царь Итаки

Royalty Meme ♛ Mythical/Legendary Royals
↳ Odysseus, King of Ithaca
Zeus who marshals the thunderheads replied, …
“[H]ow on earth could I forget Odysseus? Great Odysseus
who excels all men in wisdom?”
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Надуа (Синтия Энн Паркер)

HISTORY MEME: {Woman} - Naduah (Cynthia Ann Parker, 1824–1870)
Cynthia was born in Clark County, Illinois and moved with her family to the headwaters of the Navasota River in Texas as a young child. As protection against the Natives of the area, they built substantial walls around their community and created a company of Texas Rangers for the area. The settlement became known as Fort Parker.
In the Spring of 1836, Fort Parker was attacked by several hundred Caddo, Comanche and Kiowa who captured five residents of the Fort. Among them was Cynthia, who was 9 years old at the time. Within 6 years, all the captives had been returned to their white families - except Cynthia.
Cynthia was given to a Tenowish Comanche couple who cared for her, and who raised her like their own daughter. She became Comanche in every sense; was trained in Native ways and was totally devoted to her adopted parents. The memories of her white life quickly faded, and every attempt to ransom her was refused by the tribal council at her request.
She married Peta Nocoma, the young chief who gained fame for his many violent raids on white settlements in the territory. While it was customary for prominent Comanche warriors to take several wives, Peta never took any wife except Cynthia - a mark of extraordinary devotion and honor for her. They had 3 children: Quanah, Pecos and Topsannah (2 boys and 1 girl).
In December of 1860, Peta’s camp on the banks of the Pease River was attacked by Captain Lawrence Sullivan Ross. Peta was wounded, but managed to escape with their two sons, Quanah and Pecos. Whether or not Peta survived these wounds and lived is cloudy for he is not mentioned again. Cynthia was “rescued” along with their daughter Topsannah and the two were taken to Camp Cooper. She was identified by her uncle Isaac Parker, and subsequently taken to his farm in Birdville, Texas. Cynthia’s every attempt to return to her people failed, and she was repeatedly caught and returned to Birdville.
Even though she refused to speak of her Comanche life, many fanciful and fictitious stories were written about this strange and mysterious woman. “Historical fiction” was used to incite anti-Indian feelings, and these tall tales eventually became accepted as truth and fact. Never satisfied, and never at home in a society that was foreign to her, Cynthia was shuttled from one family member to another. Her grief and longing for her lost family never left her.
In 1863, Cynthia received word that her son Pecos had died of smallpox, and only a few months later, the daughter who had remained with her died of influenza. Heartbroken, Cynthia refused all food and starved herself to death in 1870 at the age of 43.
Only Quanah survived. He searched for his mother for most of his life and, upon discovering that she was dead, had the bodies of both Cynthia and Topsannah moved to friendly soil. When Quanah died in 1911, he was laid to rest beside his devoted mother. х
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Брут и Порция

history meme: pairings | B R U T U S & P O R T I A
In June 45 BC, Marcus Junius Brutus divorced his first wife Claudia (despite being the daughter of one of his best allies) and married Porcia -or Portia- Catonis, Cato’s daughter. The marriage caused a scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce other than he ‘truly wished to marry Porcia’. Furthermore, it also caused a rift between Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for his new wife Porcia.
She is depicted as being beautiful, full of an understanding courage with an affectionate nature and addicted to philosophy. It appears that Porcia genuinely loved Brutus and both partners seems to have been devoted to each other. They had a son, who died in 43 BC.
In 44 BC, Brutus, along with many other co-conspirators, murdered Caesar. He confided in Porcia of the plot to assassinate Caesar, and as sign of his trust, she is credited as being the only woman aware of the plot. Some contemporaries believe that Porcia might have been involved in the conspiracy itself, as her father had been previously Caesar’s greatest enemy in the Senate.
On the day of Caesar’s assassination, Porcia is reported to have been extremely disturbed with anxiety and she sent messengers to the Senate to check that her husband was still alive. She worked herself up to the point whereupon her fainting, her maids feared that she was dying.
When Brutus and the other assassins fled Rome to Athens, Porcia stayed in Italy. She was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but tried hard to conceal it. In the biography Marcus Brutus, the historian Plutarch states that Brutus hearing about his wife’s state, said of Porcia “though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from doing what only the strength of men can perform, she has a mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the best of us.”
In 43 BC, he was declared murderer and enemy of the state for Julius Caesar’s assasination. In 42 BC, Brutus rallied his troops, who totalled about 17 legions. Octavian and Antonius teamed up to face him with their 19 legions. The two armies met in the Battle of Philippi, and the engagement ended in Brutus’ defeat. Knowing that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide.
His wife Porcia was reported to have committed suicide upon hearing of her husband’s death —however modern historians find this tale questionable. According to the historian Garry Wills “Porcia died of illness before the battle of Philippi (…) but Valerius Maximus [mistakenly] wrote that she killed herself at news of Brutus’s death in that battle.“ The claim that Porcia’s death occurring a few weeks before that of Brutus is backed up by a letter sent in before the battle of Philippi –it suggests that Porcia did not commit suicide, but died of some lingering illness. As Plutarch states, in the letter Brutus lamented deeply her death and furiously blamed their friends in Rome for not looking after her. There is also an earlier letter from Brutus to Atticus, which hints at Porcia’s illness and concern about her condition. Cicero later wrote to Brutus, consoling him in his heavy grief.
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Дом Медичи

Dynasties: House of Medici {14 - 18 century} (2/7)
Originally from Tuscany (where a branch also remained), the Medici family rose in the 14th century, basing themselves mainly in the Republic of Florence through Cosimo de Medici. Their system of banking became the largest in Europe in the 15th century and allowed for them to become one of the most predominate families politically within Italy and abroad - with members becoming cardinals, popes and monarchs. They have become attributed as a dynasty that highlights the Italian Renaissance, making alliances with other houses such as the Sforza, Este, Gonzaga and Visconti and brought about a number of well known and influential men and women from within the family as well as ones under their patronage.
Some notable figures: Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo ‘the Magnificent’ de Medici, Pope Leo X, Catherine de Medici (Queen of France), Isabella de Medici, Marie de Medici (Queen of France).
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Стигмата

STIGMATA (singular stigma) is a term used by members of the christian faith to describe body marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet.
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Бог

mythology meme: christian - general characters: [God]

In the Old Testament, God is unique, sovereign, and unchanging. He differs from Greek gods, whose faults and quarrels cause events. His unchanging nature is hinted at by his names. In biblical Hebrew, God is called “YAHWEH,” meaning “to be.” This title is similar to the title God uses with Moses, “I AM WHO I AM.” However, the God presented in Old Testament does contradict himself at times. In the course of two chapters in Exodus, God threatens to destroy the Israelites, relents, and then pronounces himself loving, forgiving, and slow to anger. God grants himself the power of self-description; he is whoever he says he is. Each biblical writer gives God human characteristics. For example, God speaks. We do not know how his listeners recognize that it is he who is speaking or what he sounds like, but God certainly embraces the ability to articulate his intentions through the human convention of language. Also, God assumes human form. He appears as an angel, as a group of three men, and as a mysterious army commander. In a sense, God takes on human qualities like a costume that can also be taken off, since his specific appearances do not offer a complete picture of him. Still, these manifestations suggest that there is a fundamental humanity to the personality of the Hebrew God. God casually walks in the garden with Adam and Eve. He even physically wrestles Jacob and allows Jacob to beat him. These humble and endearing qualities of God contrast his later appearances as a pillar of fire and a thunderous mountain. The more extreme manifestations are, like the human manifestations, only a part of God’s character rather than his sole mode of existence. God’s initial interaction with humankind is unsolicited. Noah, Abraham, and Moses do not ask God to form a relationship with them. Even when God is unseen, his immense power over human fate lurks beneath the events of the Old Testament narrative. On the surface, the characters’ experiences are filled with suspense. The characters submit to chance and have a desperate, irrational faith in God. When God speaks or appears, we realize he has been in control all along, and the fear or suspense seems unfounded, trite, or comical. Amidst the gravity of human events, God’s willingness to cause momentous events in order to teach a lesson shows him to be a strangely playful character.
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Гипатия Александрийская

Hypatia, Alexandrian mathematician and philosopher
“Hypatia was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher in Roman Egypt who was the first well-documented woman in mathematics. As head of the Platonist school at Alexandria, she also taught philosophy and astronomy…According to the only contemporary source, Hypatia was murdered by a Christian mob after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria: the governor Orestes and the Bishop of Alexandria.” (x)
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Виктор Гюго и Жюльетта Друэ

HISTORY MEME - FRANCE VERSION ♛ pairings : Juliette Drouet & Victor Hugo (1833-1883)
In 1833, while playing the role of Princess Négroni in Lucrèce Borgia, Juliette Drouet met Victor Hugo. She abandoned her theatrical career afterwards to dedicate her life to her lover. She became Hugo’s secretary and travelling companion. For many years she lived a cloistered life, leaving home only in his company. She saves his life in 1851. In 1852, she accompanied him in his exile on Jersey, and then in 1855 on Guernsey. She wrote thousands of letters to him throughout her life, which testify to her writing talent. Juliette Drouet died in Paris on 11 May 1883 at the age of seventy-seven.
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теория 21 грамма

the 21 Grams Theory :T H E W E I G H T O F T H E H U M A N S O U L

On 10 April 1901, an unusual experiment was conducted in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Dr. Duncan MacDougall was going to prove that the human soul had mass, and was therefore, measurable. He conducted this experiment on six dying patients (selected based upon their imminent death) who were placed on specially made Fairbanks weight scales just prior to their deaths.
In the company of four other doctors, Dr. MacDougall carefully measured the weight of his first patient prior to his death. Once the patient died, an interesting event occurred : “Suddenly, coincident with death,” wrote Macdougall, “the beam end dropped with an audible stroke hitting against the lower limiting bar and remaining there with no rebound. The loss was ascertained to be three-fourths of an ounce.”
The experiment continued on the next patients with the same results. Everything was taken into account and all five doctors took their own measurements and compared their results. Not all the patients lost the same weight, but they did lose something that could not be accounted for.
Following the experiment and consulting with the other attending physicians, it was determined that the average weight loss of each person was ¾ of an ounce. Dr. MacDougall concluded that a human soul weighed 21 grams.
H. LaV. Twining, a physics teacher at Los Angeles Polytechnic High School, attempted the same experiment on mice in 1917. His conclusion was in line with that of Dr. MacDougall.
Later researchers showed that MacDougall’s experimental results were flawed, due to the limitations of the available equipment at the time, a lack of sufficient control over the experimental conditions, and the small sample size. The physicist Robert L. Park raised objections to MacDougall’s findings in his book Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science, while the psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that “Because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific.” Dr. Augustus P. Clarke in a rebuttal published in American Medicine pointed that MacDougall failed to consider another obvious hypothesis: that the weight loss (assuming it was real) was due to evaporation caused by the sudden rise in body temperature that occurs when the blood circulation stops and the blood can no longer be air-cooled by the lungs.
Nonetheless, this theory is still popular and a movie titled “21 Grams” made in 2003 references Dr. MacDougall’s experiments.
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Танатос

MYTHOLOGY MEME: greek gods/goddesses
THANATOS - In greek anmythology, Thanatos (Θανατος ) was the god and personification of death. His touch was gentle, likened to that of his twin brother Hypnos (the god of sleep). Violent death was the domain of Thanatos’ blood-craving sisters, the Keres, spirits of slaughter and disease. He has been portrayed as a youth carrying a butterfly (symbolising the soul of the dead) or a wreath of poppies (associated to him because of the risk of death by overexposure to them). He is often shown carrying an inverted torch (holding it upside down in his hands), representing a life extinguished. He is usually described as winged and with a sword sheathed at his belt.
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Гражданская война Суллы

history meme / sulla’s civil wars
Both were saviours of Roman citizens: one has been called the “third founder of Rome” for defeating the invaders from the North, the other, famous for his conquest of foreign kings and “saviour and father” of citizens who were exiled from Rome by “tyrants”. Both were brilliant generals, both had celebrated triumphs. One had an unprecedented seven consulships, the other, a dictatorship to put the state in order. Both names were also associated with the fall of the Roman Republic; an appraisal of the latter might as well be the appraisal of the former: “a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his career of victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after his victory, no condemnation can be adequate”. They were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix. And they did not get along.
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