“I have decided to stick to love. Hate is too great a burden to bear.” M.L. King
Я ещё не говорила о том, как люблю исторические мемы на Т?
Нет? Тогда самое время: Я ЛЮБЛЮ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ МЕМЫ ТУМБЛЕРА
Слов нет, как я их люблю!
И поскольку мне надоело вечно выискивать их в лайках, чтобы полюбоваться, буду складировать сюда.
Странно, что раньше не догадалась.
Но, видимо, на здоровую голову не приходят те идеи, что на больную.
Икар
Favorite Greek Myths - Icarus
Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before taking off from the island, warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared through the sky curiously, but in the process he came too close to the sun, which melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea.[x]
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похищение Персефоны
Favorite Greek Myths - Persephone’s Abduction
Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena—the Homeric Hymn says—in a field when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth. Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with torches. In most versions she forbids the earth to produce, or she neglects the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow. Helios, the sun, who sees everything, eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered the place of her abode. Finally, Zeus, pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. Hades indeed complied with the request, but first he tricked her, giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. Persephone was released by Hermes, who had been sent to retrieve her, but because she had tasted food in the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. [x]
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казни египетскиеЗабавно: сколько лет прошло с первого просмотра "Принца Египта", но каждый раз не могу смотреть казни египетские без кома в горле, мурашек и какого-то иррационального страха.
the ten plagues of egypt » The Prince of Egypt
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извержение Везувия
history meme | two natural disasters ∙eruption of mount vesuvius (79 AD)
On August 3rd of the year 79, Mount Vesuvius near Pompeii, Italy, begins to erupt; within the next 25 hours, it wipes out the entire town in one of the most catastrophic and famous eruptions in European history. Mount Vesuvius spawned a deadly cloud of volcanic gas, stones, ash and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 miles), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second.
The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic flows. An estimated 16,000 people died from the eruption. It was not until 1595, during the construction of an aqueduct, that Pompeii was rediscovered, perfectly preserved by the volcano’s ash. [x]
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Александр и ГефестионС приветом мэйту :3
history meme | alexander the great & hephaestion
Alexander the Great’s relationship with his army general Hephaestion was extraordinarily close; Hephaestion was described by Curtius as “by far the dearest of all the king’s friends.” They were both tutored by the philosopher Aristotle as boys, and it is believed that this is when they forged their friendship.
The morning after the battle of Issus, Alexander and Hephaestion visited the captured Persian royal family. According to Diodorus, ‘The king took with him the most valued of his Friends, Hephaestion, and came to the women. They both were dressed alike, but Hephaestion was taller and more handsome. Sisyngambris took him for the king and did him obeisance. As the others present made signs to her and pointed to Alexander with their hands she was embarrassed by her mistake, but made a new start and did obeisance to Alexander. He, however, cut in and said, “You were not mistaken, Mother; this man too is Alexander.”’
Their relationship is often compared to that of Achilles and Patroclus. At the beginning of Alexander’s campaign in Asia he led a contingent of his troops to Troy, where he and Hephaestion visited the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus. As described by Arrian, "Alexander encircled the tomb of Achilles with a garland; and it is said that Hephaestion decorated that of Patroclus in the same way." This event is usually seen as evidence for Alexander and Hephaestion’s romantic relationship as Achilles and Patroclus are often said to be lovers.
Hephaestion fell ill not long after entering the city of Ecbatana. Arrian says that Alexander had to be summoned from the games to Hephaestion, however when he arrived Hephaestion had already died. Plutarch tells that Alexander’s grief was “uncontrollable” and had to be forcibly dragged away from the corpse by his companions. One report says that he had the doctor executed for his lack of care.
Hephaestion’s funeral cost approximately £1,500,000,000, which was spent on a sixty metre high pyre and a festival involving funeral games and contests. Such was Alexander’s grief that, Diodorus writes, "he proclaimed to all the peoples of Asia that they should sedulously quench what the Persians call the sacred fire, until such time as the funeral should be ended. This was the custom of the Persians when their kings died, and people thought that the order was an ill omen, and that heaven was foretelling the king’s own death."
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Похороны Леди Дианы, Принцессы Уэльской
HISTORY MEME: The funeral of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales
The public funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 am in London, when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from Kensington Palace. The coffin was carried from the palace on a gun carriage, along Hyde Park to St. James’ Palace, where Diana’s body had remained for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The Union Flag on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at Westminster Abbey in London and finished at the resting place in Althorp. Two thousand people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom’s highest viewing figures ever. Two billion people traced the event worldwide, making it one of the most watched events in history. (+)
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Троя
history meme | locations: troy
Troy was a both legendary and factual city located in northwest Anatolia (today Turkey). It was the setting for the Trojan War, as described in the Greek Epic Cycle, most especially The Iliad, however it is uncertain whether the war actually existed. The Romans and Greeks, though, took it as fact - for example, Alexander the Great visited the site in 334 BC to make sacrifices to the supposed tomb of Achilles and Patroclus. Emperor Augustus also visited the city in 20 BC and ordered repairs, turning it into a centre of ancient tourism. Until the early 1800s, Troy was considered by modern historians to be a legend, however since then a number of excavation campaigns have been led there and evidence of cities have been found.
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Французская революция
history meme |presidents rebellions/revolutions: the french revolution
"Justice has its anger, my lord Bishop, and the wrath of justice is an element of progress. Whatever else may be said of it, the French Revolution was the greatest step forward by mankind since the coming of Christ. It was unfinished, I agree, but still it was sublime. It released the untapped springs of society; it softened hearts, appeased, tranquilized, enlightened, and set flowing through the world the tides of civilization. It was good. The French Revolution was the anointing of humanity." - Victor Hugo, Les Misérables
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плакат ‘Keep Calm and Carry On’
HISTORY MEME: The ‘Keep Calm and Carry On’ poster
'Keep Calm and CarryOn' was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 during the beginning of the Second World War, intended to raise the morale of the British public in the aftermath of widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities. It had only limited distribution with no public display, and thus was little known. With a bold coloured background, the posters depicted the symbolic crown of King George VI along with a simple yet effective font.The poster was rediscovered in 2000, has been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products.(+)
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статуя Давида
history meme | objects: the statue of david
Michelangelo’s sculpture David was created between 1501 and 1504 and is considered by many to be one of the Renaissance’s greatest masterpieces. It depicts the Biblical hero David, who defeated the giant Goliath and was King of Israel. He was a favoured subject during the Italian Renaissance; for example Donatello, Bernini, and Verrocchio created sculptures of David, and he also appeared in a fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
The statue was originally commissioned by Florence Cathedral in 1464 for a buttress of the Santa Maria del Fiore (which would accompany several other Old Testament sculptures), however the work was never completed and Michelangelo was chosen to take over the sculpture in 1501. Proving too large to be placed on the cathedral, David was placed outside the Palazzo della Signoria. It was moved to the Accademia Gallery in 1873 to protect it from damage, however a replica stands in the original location.
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Римская империя
HISTORY MEME: ROMAN EMPIRE
The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Several events marked the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar’s appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC); the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC); and the granting of the honorific Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate (16 January 27 BC).
The first two centuries of the Empire were a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. It reached its greatest expanse during the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD). After the collapse of central government in the West in the 5th century, the eastern half of the Roman Empire continued as what would later be known as the Byzantine Empire. Because of the Empire’s vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of government.
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Троянский конь
history meme | the trojan horse
In Greek Mythology, the Trojan Horse was a large, hollow, wooden horse designed by Odysseus (some say with the aid of Athena) to allow the Greeks entrance into Troy and to end the Trojan War. Hidden inside were a select number of Greek soldiers, who, when the horse was brought into the city, crept out at night and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army. The city of Troy was destroyed and the war ended.
Many modern versions of the horse exist, however only three classical depictions are known of: one a fibula brooch; the other two on pithos vases from Mykonos and Tinos.
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Виктория и Альберт
historical otps ✧ queen victoria & prince albert
Queen Victoria → Emily Blunt
Prince Albert → Rupert Friend
Although their match may have been put together by others, Albert and Victoria fell in love at first sight. The couple became quite devoted to each other and the queen listening to her husband’s advice before that of most of her official advisors.
But Albert’s health had always been fragile and by Friday, December 13 1861 was diagnosed with typhoid fever.
In the King’s Room the Queen longed for some sign of recognition from her husband despite his deliriums. She leant forward and in German, Albert’s native language that she had grown up speaking, whispered in his ear: ‘Es ist kleines Frauchen’ – It is your little wife – and asked for ‘ein Kuss’ – a kiss – but he could barely raise his head. She retired to the anteroom, where she sank to the floor, her face buried in her hands and said: ‘Why must I suffer this? It is like tearing the flesh from my bones.’
Back and distraught, Victoria kissed Albert and clung to him. His breathing became gentle. ‘Oh, this is death,’ she said and added, ‘I know it. I have seen this before,’ as she knelt by his side. It took some persuasion to get her to leave the room. He was just 42.
Victoria did not appear in public for three years. However, under the influence of the Prime Minister, she resumed public life. But Victoria never stopped mourning her beloved prince, wearing black until her death in 1901.
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Клеопатра и Марк Антоний
historical otps ✧ cleopatra & mark antony
Cleopatra → Lyndsey Marshal
Mark Antony → James Purefoy
Caesar’s mistress, Cleopatra was accused of having been a party to his assassination plot. Matters came to such a head that Caesar’s successor and best friend Mark Antony, summoned Cleopatra to explain herself at his headquarters. She crossed the Mediterranean to see him. They fell in love at first sight.
Later, Antony accepted her invitation to visit her in Egypt. Despite all the threats, Antony and Cleopatra got married and were now openly together; and openly a team against Octavius, Antony’s rival for power in Rome. In 31 BC, he declared a war against Antony. The battle between the forces of Octavius and of Antony and Cleopatra took place at Actium, in Greece.
While fighting, Antony got false news of Cleopatra’s death. Shattered by the news of her death, he committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword. When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra’s monument in which she was hiding, and he died in her arms. Octavius attempts to convince Cleopatra to surrender. She refuses. Cleopatra arranged for a small poisonous snake, an asp, to be smuggled into her quarters and applied the snake to her breast. A little later she was found dead.
Antony’s and Cleopatra’s deaths cleared the path for Octavius to become the first Roman Emperor. He ordered a public military funeral for them both and buried them together.
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Лагерта
History Meme: Women ~ Lagertha
According to legend Lagertha was a Danish Viking Shieldmaiden from what is now known as Norway and the onetime wife of Ragnar Lodbrok who she had three children with.
Lagertha’s career as a warrior began when Frø, king of Sweden, invaded Norway. Frø put the women of the dead king’s family into a brothel for public humiliation. Ragnar Lodbrok came with an army to avenge his grandfather who Frø had killed and many of the women Frø had ordered abused fought at Ragnar’s side. Chief among them, and key to Ragnar’s victory, was Lagertha.
“Ladgerda, a skilled Amazon, who, though a maiden, had the courage of a man, and fought in front among the bravest with her hair loose over her shoulders. All-marveled at her matchless deeds, for her locks flying down her back betrayed that she was a woman.”
Years later after Ragnar and Lagertha divorced, Lagertha came to Ragnar’s aid with 120 ships when he faced a Civil War in Denmark. When at the height of the battle, Ragnar’s son Siward was wounded, Lagertha saved the day for Ragnar with a counterattack.
Upon returning to Norway, she quarreled with her husband, and slew him with a spearhead she concealed in her gown.
“usurped the whole of his name and sovereignty; for this most presumptuous dame thought it pleasanter to rule without her husband than to share the throne with him”
(s o u r c e)
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Ательстан
Aethelstan, the first king of England
He ‘who fought against Anlaf and slaughtered his army and put him to flight, and afterwards with his people dwelt in peace,’ is perhaps best remembered for his famous victory over the combined forces of the kings of Dublin, Scots, and Strathclyde at ‘Brunanburh’ in 937. But Aethelstan, the favorite grandson of Alfred the Great, did much more for the land he ruled: he centralized his government, imposed coinage, and perhaps laid the foundation for its future parliament. For whatever the reason, Æthelstan’s importance as the first king of all England cannot be doubted. In the words of the 12th century poet whom William of Malmesbury quoted, this was indeed a great king, glory of his native land: ‘magnus Adelstanus, patriae decus.’ (x)
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Октавиан Август
History meme: men - OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS known to posterity as the Emperor Augustus Caesar, was the first emperor of Rome, the first of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and the adopted son of Julius Caesar. He reformed the Praetorian Guard and laws on marriage and adultery, had the power of a tribune, and was Pontifex Maximus (head priest). He extended the boundaries of the Roman Empire, ensured the Pax Romana, and built up the city of Rome (I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.) Augustus put an end to the already seriously decaying republican system of government. It was under his rule that Varus suffered a disastrous defeat in Teutoberg Wald (9 AD), which put a temporary end to territorial ambition beyond the Rhine. The result of such a situation was the strengthening of the Empire’s borders. Since Octavian failed to produce an heir with his wife Livia, her son Tiberius succeeded him after his death in 14 AD.
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Ганнибал
History meme - HANNIBAL was the leader of Carthaginian military forces who fought against Rome in the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). He almost overpowered Rome, and was considered its greatest enemy. Hannibal’s first military success, in Saguntum, in Spain, precipitated the Second Punic War. During this war, Hannibal led the forces of Carthage across the Alps with elephants and achieved surprising military victories, most famous of which were at Lake Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC). When his generals told him it was impossible to cross the Alps by elephant, his response was, supposedly, Aut viam inveniam aut faciam which means I shall either find a way or make one. However, when Hannibal lost at the Battle of Zama (202 BC) Carthage had to make heavy concessions to the Romans. Some time after the end of the Second Punic War, Hannibal left North Africa for Asia Minor. There he helped Antiochus III of Syria fight Rome, but her was forced to flee to Bithynia where he served as commander of the fleet. In 183 or 182 BC, he committed suicide by ingesting poison. He was at Bithynia, at the time, and in danger of being extradited to Rome.
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Черная смерть
HISTORY MEME: (NATURAL DISASTER) - The Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350, and killing between 75 million and 200 million people. Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium probably causing several forms of plague. The Black Death is thought to have started in China or central Asia. It then travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, it was probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population. All in all, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million to a number between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe’s population to recover. The plague reoccurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.
"One citizen avoided another, hardly any neighbour troubled about others, relatives never or hardly ever visited each other. Moreover, such terror was struck into the hearts of men and women by this calamity, that brother abandoned brother, and the uncle his nephew, and the sister her brother, and very often the wife her husband. What is even worse and nearly incredible is that fathers and mothers refused to see and tend their children, as if they had not been theirs." - Giovanni Boccaccio (Italian writer, lived through the plague as it ravaged the city of Florence in 1348)
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Гражданская война 1861-1865
History Meme:
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Conflict over issues of how much control the federal government should have over the states, industrialization, trade, and especially slavery had increased tension between Northern and Southern states. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, 11 Southern states seceded (or withdrew) from the Union and set up an independent government—the Confederate States of America. These events led to the outbreak of the Civil War—a brutal, bloody, four-year conflict that left the South defeated and ended slavery at the cost of more than half a million lives.
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Роми Шнайдер и Ален Делон
HISTORY MEME - FRANCE VERSION ♛ pairings: Romy Schneider & Alain Delon (1958-1964)
They met on the set of “Christine” (1958), felt in love and she moved with him to Paris. Schneider became engaged to Delon in 1959. They never got married though, they were always delaying it. Delon broke up with her in 1964, breaking her heart. They continued starring in films together, like La Piscine (The Swimming Pool) (1968). Alain placed a piece of paper with the following words on her tomb: “Tu n’as jamais été aussi belle, tu vois j’ai appris quelques mots allemands pour toi: Ich liebe dich meine Liebe” which means “You have never been so beautful, you see that I learned some words in German for you: I love you my love”…
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Поражение испанской Армады
HISTORY MEME - THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
The Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled and dispatched by King Phillip II of Spain in attempt to invade England in 1588. His attempt was unsuccessful. Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire.
The armada had a mission of both political and religious aims. King Phillip, the leader of the Roman Catholic Spain, was not able to stop a revolt in of his Protestant subjects in the Netherlands, a revolt which began in 1566, aided by Protestant England. By 1586, Phillip had decided that he could not defeat the Dutch until he had defeated England first.
Long time religious rivalry between Spain and England was hoped to be resolved by King Phillip in the dethroning of Queen Elizabeth, reconverting England to Catholicism. The plan for conquering had begun. This plan consisted of the coordination of a fleet to sail from Spain and an army from the Netherlands to create a simultaneous invasion of England. His force of 130 ships and more than 30,000 men was to be led by Alonso Peréz de Guzmán, duke of Medina-Sidonia.
England was aware of the Spanish plans, attacking it at Cádiz, Spain in 1587, succeeding in delaying it for a year. By July of 1588, the armada was spotted off the coast of England on July 29. Lord Charles Howard intercepted it with a larger English fleet near Plymouth, and for the next week made small attacks on the Spanish in battles off of Plymouth, Portland Bill, and the Isle of Wight.
Unable to break the Spanish Armada, they waited for their chance at a big blow. The opportunity finally arrived when the armada anchored near Calais, France, hoping to join troops scheduled to sail from the Netherlands. Ingeniously, Howard ordered ships set on fire to be sent against the armada, producing a panic that broke the Spanish formation. In the ensuing battle of Gravelines, on August 8, the Spanish were defeated by England and the armada sailed home with remaining ships that were heavily damaged to Spain; 67 of the original 130 ships reached Spain, most in poor condition. [x]
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Пороховой заговор
HISTORY MEME {The Gunpowder Plot}
Catholics in England had expected James I to be more tolerant of them. In fact, he had proved to be the opposite and had ordered all Catholic priests to leave England. This so angered some Catholics that they decided to kill James and put his daughter Elizabeth on the throne ensuring that she was a Catholic. This led to a plot to kill not only the king of England, James, but also everyone sitting in the Houses of Parliament at the same time as James was there when he opened Parliament on November 5th, 1605.
Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators, having rented out a house right by the Houses of Parliament, managed to get 36 barrels of gunpowder into a cellar of the House of Lords.
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Чак Тейлор All-Stars
HISTORY MEME - CHUCK TAYLOR ALL-STARS
Converse Rubber Shoe Company was created by Marquis Mills Converse in 1908 in Malden, Massachusetts. In 1917, the company designed a shoe called the All Star. The shoe was composed of a rubber sole and canvas upper and was designed to be an elite shoe for the professional basketball league. In 1923, after Chuck Taylor made improvements to the shoe, Converse decided to incorporate his name onto the ankle patches that displayed the Converse All Star logo. Then, in the 1930s Taylor’s signature was put into the design, which is how the shoe became known as the “Chuck Taylor” All Star. Throughout the years, Converse Chuck Taylor All Stars made a shift from athletic sportswear to casual footwear. Originally an elite basketball shoe, the Chuck Taylor All Star evolved into the shoe of choice for many subcultures. The shoes became popular among many groups throughout the decades.
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Екатерининский дворец, Царское Село
history meme: places ↔ catherine palace, tsarskoye selo, russia
Peter the Great gave the estate to his wife, Catherine I of Russia, in 1708 as a present. She founded the Blagoveschensky church in 1724, changing the settlement’s name to Blagoveschenskoye, although it quickly went out of use.
Catherine I started to use it as a country side residence, but her daughter Empress Elizabeth of Russia and architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli are hugely responsible for the building of Catherine Palace.
Catherine the Great and architect Charles Cameron extended the palace, which is now known as the Cameron Gallery.
In 1918, Tsarskoye Selo was renamed to Detskoye Selo by the Bolsheviks, then renamed again to Pushkin in 1937.
On September 17, 1941, the Germans occupied Pushkin. They destroyed many historical monuments, buildings and cultural artifacts, also the Amber Room.
On January 24, 1944, the Red Army liberated the town. Reconstruction began on Tsarskoye Selo after the war, many rooms in the palace have been re-done. Work on the palatial church and Alexander Palace is still under way.
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Эдуард и Уоллис Симпсон
Pairings; Edward Vii & Wallis Simpson
On the 10th of January, 1931 Prince Edward of England met Mrs. Wallis Simpson and her husband Ernest. In January 1934, while Lady Furness was away in New York City(Edward Vii previous mistress) Wallis allegedly became the Prince’s mistress. Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as “evidence of a physical act.” Wallis soon ousted Lady Furness, and the Prince distanced himself from a former lover, heiress Freda Dudley Ward. According to Wallis, it was during a cruise on Lord Moyne’s private yacht Rosaura in August 1934 that she fell in love with Edward. At an evening party in Buckingham Palace, he introduced his mother - his father was outraged, primarily on account of her marital history, as divorced people were generally excluded from court. Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels. The relationship made Edward very unpopular with the British government, his mother and the Duke of York, his brother, she was perceived by many in the British Empire as a woman of “limitless ambition” who was pursuing the King because of his wealth and position.
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Королевство Италия
HISTORY MEME | ITALIAN VERSION ⇢ Kingdoms/Republics
❈ The Kingdom of Italy
The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. After the Revolutions of 1848, the apparent leader of the Italian unification movement was Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was popular amongst southern Italians and in the world was renowned for his extremely loyal followers. Garibaldi led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy, but the northern Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, a de facto Piedmontese state, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. Though the kingdom had no physical connection to Rome (seen by all as the natural capital of Italy, but still capital of the Papal States), the kingdom had successfully challenged Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence, liberating Lombardy-Venetia from Austrian rule. The kingdom also had established important alliances which helped it improve the possibility of Italian unification, such as Britain and the Second French Empire in the Crimean War. Sardinia was dependent on France being willing to protect it and in 1860, Sardinia was forced to cede territory to France to maintain relations, including Garibaldi’s birthplace Nice.
Cavour moved to challenge republican unification efforts by Garibaldi by organizing popular revolts in the Papal States. He used these revolts as a pretext to invade the country, even though the invasion angered the Catholics, whom he told that the invasion was an effort to protect the Roman Catholic Church from the anti-clerical secularist nationalist republicans of Garibaldi. Only a small portion of the Papal States around Rome remained in the control of Pope Pius IX. Despite their differences, Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi’s Southern Italy allowing it to join the union with Piedmont-Sardinia in 1860. Subsequently the Parliament declared the creation of the Kingdom of Italy on February 18, 1861 (officially proclaiming it on March 17, 1861) composed of both Northern Italy and Southern Italy. King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia from the House of Savoy was then declared King of Italy, though he did not renumber himself with the assumption of the new title. [х]
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Бермудский треугольник
history meme: objects or places | the Bermuda Triangle
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil’s Triangle, is an undefined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances appeared in a September 17, 1950 article published in The Miami Herald. Two years later, Fate magazine published a short article covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Some speculated that unknown and mysterious forces account for the unexplained disappearances, such as extraterrestrials; the influence of the lost continent of Atlantis; and other whimsical ideas.
Some explanations are more grounded in science, if not in evidence. The majority of Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes pass through the Bermuda Triangle. Also, the Gulf Stream can cause rapid, sometimes violent, changes in weather. Additionally, the large number of islands in the Caribbean Sea creates many areas of shallow water that can be treacherous to ship navigation.
The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard contend that there are no supernatural explanations for disasters at sea. Their experience suggests that the combined forces of nature and human fallibility outdo even the most incredulous science fiction.
The ocean has always been a mysterious place to humans, and when foul weather or poor navigation is involved, it can be a very deadly place. This is true all over the world. There is no evidence that mysterious disappearances occur with any greater frequency in the Bermuda Triangle than in any other large, well-traveled area of the ocean. [more]
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Радиопостановка Орсона Уэллса "Война миров"
history meme: moments | Orson Welles “War of the Worlds” Radio Broadcast
On the night of October 30, 1938, families everywhere were gathered around their radios for another episode of CBS’s Mercury Theater On The Air. The evening’s episode was a radio adaptation of the H.G. Wells classic War Of The Worlds, in which the Earth is invaded from outer space and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, The story was familiar to many, but was about to be presented in a way that had never been heard before. Instead of simply telling the story, the broadcast presented it as a series of newscasts that interrupted “regular programming” to describe a martian invasion that started in a small town in New Jersey.
While the live news format had been used in radio drama before, it had never been done as realistically or for as long without commercial interruption. The episode prompted many listeners to flee their homes and call friends and family for verification, suggesting to many that an actual alien invasion by Martians was currently in progress. While somewhat primitive by today’s standards, the broadcast was far ahead of its time and was an early demonstration of the power of radio for both news and entertainment. [more]
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Изобразительное искусство Византии
European Art History Meme:
→Byzantine Art:
Characterized by religious expression, such as translating church theology into artistic viewing, anonymous artists would paint mosaics on church walls. х х
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Данте и Беатриче
history meme: pairings | DANTE and BEATRICE
Dante Alighieri first met the beautiful Beatrice Portinari when he was 9 and she was 8, in a gathering at her father’s palazzo in Florence. and fell madly in love with her. She captivated him completely. As he later wrote, “From that time forward love fully ruled my soul.” For the next nine years he remained absolutely besotted with her but only from a distance. He frequented places where he could catch a glimpse of her, but she never spoke to him until nine years later. Then one afternoon, in 1293 when he was 18, he saw her walking down a street in Florence. Accompanied by two older women, Beatrice turned and greeted him. Her greeting filled him with such joy that he retreated to his room to think about her. Falling asleep, he had a dream that became the subject of the first sonnet in his La Vita Nuova, one of the world’s greatest romantic poems.
In 13th century Florence arranged marriages were the norm, especially amongst the uppers classes, to which both Dante and Beatrice belonged. So, at the age of 21 Dante was married off to Gemma Donati, to whom he had been betroted since the age of 12 and Beatrice married a year later too, only to die three years after that, at the tender age of 24. Dante was devastated.
He remained devoted to Beatrice for the rest of his life and it was her that continued to lend inspiration to his work
Dante completed La Vita Nuova (1294), one of the world’s greatest romantic poems, when he was 29 years old. Yet he felt that his love sonnets still did not do justice to honor the beauty and blessedness of his dear Beatrice, the glorious lady of his mind. So he vowed to write a poem to honor his beloved that has never been written of any woman. Dante fulfilled this promise 27 years later just before his death, when he finished The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia- 1321)— the greatest love poem about the soul’s ascent from Inferno to Purgatory to Paradise.
Beatrice appeared as his guide: being the incarnation of true love, she led him into the Beatific vision in Paradise…
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казнь семьи Романовых
history meme - assassinations
The execution of the Romanovs (17 July 1918). Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate in March 1917, and following his abdication, he and his family were put in house arrest at the Alexander Palace in St Petersburg. As civil war broke out in Russia, it was decided in August 1917 that the Romanovs should be moved from St Petersburg to Tobolsk in Siberia citing protection of the family as the reason for the move. As the Bolsheviks continued to gather strength, the Romanovs were to be moved once more - this time to the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg in the Urals in April/May 1918. In July 1918, the advancing White Army made the Bolsheviks anxious and they eventually decided to murder the family and their servants.
In the early hours of 17 July 1918, the family was awakened, told to get dressed, and was led down into a half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev House (“The House of Special Purpose”). The Romanovs were told that there was commotion in the streets of Ekaterinburg and the move was made for safety reasons. A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room. Once the family had settled in the room, the Bolshevik officer Yarov Yurovsky announced to them that had been condemned to death by the Ural Soviet of Workers’ Deputies. Nicholas managed to ask “What? What?” before the family was showered in gun shots and eventually all eleven people had been killed. It is said that the four grand duchesses had to be finished off with bayonets as they had sewn their remaining jewellery in their blouses which deflected the bullets (+more).
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Юрий Гагарин
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Два римских триумвирата
history meme:presidents rulers | The Two Triumvirates of Rome
a T R I U M V I R A T E (from Latin, “triumvirātus”, a group of three men) is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir. In the late Roman Republic, two three-man political alliances existed, two groups who took over the Roman government when they became powerful enough. Jealousy, ambition, and rivalry ultimately caused the end of both of them.
The First Triumvirate (from 60-54 B.C.) was an informal political alliance of Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus (“Pompey the Great”) and Marcus Crassus. The arrangement had no legal status, and its purpose was to consolidate the political power of the three and their supporters against the senatorial elite. After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, the two survivors fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator.
The Second Triumvirate (created in 43 B.C.) was recognized as a triumvirate at the time. A Lex Titia formalized the rule of Augustus (Gaius Octavian), Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. The legal language makes reference to the traditional tresviri. This “three-man commission for restoring the constitution of the republic” in fact was given the power to make or annul law without approval from either the Senate or the people; their judicial decisions were not subject to appeal, and they named magistrates at will. Although the constitutional machinery of the Republic was not irrevocably dismantled by the Lex Titia, in the event it never recovered. Lepidus was sidelined early in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in civil war, leaving Octavian the sole leader.
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встреча Моцарта и Бетховена
history meme: Mozart and Beethoven meeting, 1787
The famous meeting would have occured in Mozart’s home in Vienna in March or April of 1787. The house is a rather famous one, with many great events in the history of music having taken place there (it was there that Haydn is said to have praised Mozart in front of his father, it was there almost a century later that Julius Epstein referred to Johannes Brahms as “the heir of Beethoven”, and there Mozart wrote his operas “The Marriage of Figaro” and “Don Giovanni” ). Exactly how the meeting went is unknown. Some believe that a young 16 years old Beethoven did meet Mozart and impressed the older composer with his budding talent, eliciting even a comment from Mozart to his wife Constanza “Remember that boy’s name. One day you will hear it often”. But others believe that Mozart was not impressed and actually rejected Beethoven as a student. And still others say they never met.
But Beethoven did want to study composition with Mozart, and was unable to stay more than a few weeks in Vienna when he found out his mother was dying in Bonn, so they could never meet after 1787.
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арест рыцарей тамплиеров и конец ордена
history meme: The Arrets of the Knights Templars and the end of the Order
Founded in France, the Knights Templar were among the most wealthy and powerful of the Western Christian military orders. The organization existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages. Officially endorsed by the Catholic Church around 1129, the Order became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power. Templar knights were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades.
The Templars’ existence was tied closely to the Crusades; when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded. Rumours about the Templars’ secret initiation ceremony created mistrust and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, took advantage of the situation.
On Friday, 13 October 1307 (a date sometimes linked with the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition) the King, with the support of the Pope Clement, ordered the Templar Grand Master de Molay and scores in Paris to be arrested. 138 persons in the capital were incarcerated. The same happened simultaneously in all the Temples of the Kingdom of France. The Templars were charged with numerous offences (including apostasy, idolatry, heresy, obscene rituals and homosexuality, financial corruption and fraud, and secrecy). Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture, and these confessions, even though obtained under duress, caused a scandal, precipitating the fall of the Order. Dozens of Templars burned at the stake.
According to legend, the Templar Grand Master called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God: “God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death!”. Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year. [more]
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Нет? Тогда самое время: Я ЛЮБЛЮ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ МЕМЫ ТУМБЛЕРА
Слов нет, как я их люблю!
И поскольку мне надоело вечно выискивать их в лайках, чтобы полюбоваться, буду складировать сюда.
Странно, что раньше не догадалась.
Но, видимо, на здоровую голову не приходят те идеи, что на больную.
Икар
Favorite Greek Myths - Icarus
Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before taking off from the island, warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared through the sky curiously, but in the process he came too close to the sun, which melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea.[x]
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похищение Персефоны
Favorite Greek Myths - Persephone’s Abduction
Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena—the Homeric Hymn says—in a field when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth. Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with torches. In most versions she forbids the earth to produce, or she neglects the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow. Helios, the sun, who sees everything, eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered the place of her abode. Finally, Zeus, pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. Hades indeed complied with the request, but first he tricked her, giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. Persephone was released by Hermes, who had been sent to retrieve her, but because she had tasted food in the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. [x]
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казни египетскиеЗабавно: сколько лет прошло с первого просмотра "Принца Египта", но каждый раз не могу смотреть казни египетские без кома в горле, мурашек и какого-то иррационального страха.
the ten plagues of egypt » The Prince of Egypt
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извержение Везувия
history meme | two natural disasters ∙eruption of mount vesuvius (79 AD)
On August 3rd of the year 79, Mount Vesuvius near Pompeii, Italy, begins to erupt; within the next 25 hours, it wipes out the entire town in one of the most catastrophic and famous eruptions in European history. Mount Vesuvius spawned a deadly cloud of volcanic gas, stones, ash and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 miles), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second.
The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic flows. An estimated 16,000 people died from the eruption. It was not until 1595, during the construction of an aqueduct, that Pompeii was rediscovered, perfectly preserved by the volcano’s ash. [x]
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Александр и ГефестионС приветом мэйту :3
history meme | alexander the great & hephaestion
Alexander the Great’s relationship with his army general Hephaestion was extraordinarily close; Hephaestion was described by Curtius as “by far the dearest of all the king’s friends.” They were both tutored by the philosopher Aristotle as boys, and it is believed that this is when they forged their friendship.
The morning after the battle of Issus, Alexander and Hephaestion visited the captured Persian royal family. According to Diodorus, ‘The king took with him the most valued of his Friends, Hephaestion, and came to the women. They both were dressed alike, but Hephaestion was taller and more handsome. Sisyngambris took him for the king and did him obeisance. As the others present made signs to her and pointed to Alexander with their hands she was embarrassed by her mistake, but made a new start and did obeisance to Alexander. He, however, cut in and said, “You were not mistaken, Mother; this man too is Alexander.”’
Their relationship is often compared to that of Achilles and Patroclus. At the beginning of Alexander’s campaign in Asia he led a contingent of his troops to Troy, where he and Hephaestion visited the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus. As described by Arrian, "Alexander encircled the tomb of Achilles with a garland; and it is said that Hephaestion decorated that of Patroclus in the same way." This event is usually seen as evidence for Alexander and Hephaestion’s romantic relationship as Achilles and Patroclus are often said to be lovers.
Hephaestion fell ill not long after entering the city of Ecbatana. Arrian says that Alexander had to be summoned from the games to Hephaestion, however when he arrived Hephaestion had already died. Plutarch tells that Alexander’s grief was “uncontrollable” and had to be forcibly dragged away from the corpse by his companions. One report says that he had the doctor executed for his lack of care.
Hephaestion’s funeral cost approximately £1,500,000,000, which was spent on a sixty metre high pyre and a festival involving funeral games and contests. Such was Alexander’s grief that, Diodorus writes, "he proclaimed to all the peoples of Asia that they should sedulously quench what the Persians call the sacred fire, until such time as the funeral should be ended. This was the custom of the Persians when their kings died, and people thought that the order was an ill omen, and that heaven was foretelling the king’s own death."
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Похороны Леди Дианы, Принцессы Уэльской
HISTORY MEME: The funeral of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales
The public funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 am in London, when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from Kensington Palace. The coffin was carried from the palace on a gun carriage, along Hyde Park to St. James’ Palace, where Diana’s body had remained for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The Union Flag on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at Westminster Abbey in London and finished at the resting place in Althorp. Two thousand people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom’s highest viewing figures ever. Two billion people traced the event worldwide, making it one of the most watched events in history. (+)
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Троя
history meme | locations: troy
Troy was a both legendary and factual city located in northwest Anatolia (today Turkey). It was the setting for the Trojan War, as described in the Greek Epic Cycle, most especially The Iliad, however it is uncertain whether the war actually existed. The Romans and Greeks, though, took it as fact - for example, Alexander the Great visited the site in 334 BC to make sacrifices to the supposed tomb of Achilles and Patroclus. Emperor Augustus also visited the city in 20 BC and ordered repairs, turning it into a centre of ancient tourism. Until the early 1800s, Troy was considered by modern historians to be a legend, however since then a number of excavation campaigns have been led there and evidence of cities have been found.
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Французская революция
history meme |
"Justice has its anger, my lord Bishop, and the wrath of justice is an element of progress. Whatever else may be said of it, the French Revolution was the greatest step forward by mankind since the coming of Christ. It was unfinished, I agree, but still it was sublime. It released the untapped springs of society; it softened hearts, appeased, tranquilized, enlightened, and set flowing through the world the tides of civilization. It was good. The French Revolution was the anointing of humanity." - Victor Hugo, Les Misérables
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плакат ‘Keep Calm and Carry On’
HISTORY MEME: The ‘Keep Calm and Carry On’ poster
'Keep Calm and CarryOn' was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 during the beginning of the Second World War, intended to raise the morale of the British public in the aftermath of widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities. It had only limited distribution with no public display, and thus was little known. With a bold coloured background, the posters depicted the symbolic crown of King George VI along with a simple yet effective font.The poster was rediscovered in 2000, has been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products.(+)
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статуя Давида
history meme | objects: the statue of david
Michelangelo’s sculpture David was created between 1501 and 1504 and is considered by many to be one of the Renaissance’s greatest masterpieces. It depicts the Biblical hero David, who defeated the giant Goliath and was King of Israel. He was a favoured subject during the Italian Renaissance; for example Donatello, Bernini, and Verrocchio created sculptures of David, and he also appeared in a fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
The statue was originally commissioned by Florence Cathedral in 1464 for a buttress of the Santa Maria del Fiore (which would accompany several other Old Testament sculptures), however the work was never completed and Michelangelo was chosen to take over the sculpture in 1501. Proving too large to be placed on the cathedral, David was placed outside the Palazzo della Signoria. It was moved to the Accademia Gallery in 1873 to protect it from damage, however a replica stands in the original location.
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Римская империя
HISTORY MEME: ROMAN EMPIRE
The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Several events marked the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar’s appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC); the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC); and the granting of the honorific Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate (16 January 27 BC).
The first two centuries of the Empire were a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. It reached its greatest expanse during the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD). After the collapse of central government in the West in the 5th century, the eastern half of the Roman Empire continued as what would later be known as the Byzantine Empire. Because of the Empire’s vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of government.
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Троянский конь
history meme | the trojan horse
In Greek Mythology, the Trojan Horse was a large, hollow, wooden horse designed by Odysseus (some say with the aid of Athena) to allow the Greeks entrance into Troy and to end the Trojan War. Hidden inside were a select number of Greek soldiers, who, when the horse was brought into the city, crept out at night and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army. The city of Troy was destroyed and the war ended.
Many modern versions of the horse exist, however only three classical depictions are known of: one a fibula brooch; the other two on pithos vases from Mykonos and Tinos.
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Виктория и Альберт
historical otps ✧ queen victoria & prince albert
Queen Victoria → Emily Blunt
Prince Albert → Rupert Friend
Although their match may have been put together by others, Albert and Victoria fell in love at first sight. The couple became quite devoted to each other and the queen listening to her husband’s advice before that of most of her official advisors.
But Albert’s health had always been fragile and by Friday, December 13 1861 was diagnosed with typhoid fever.
In the King’s Room the Queen longed for some sign of recognition from her husband despite his deliriums. She leant forward and in German, Albert’s native language that she had grown up speaking, whispered in his ear: ‘Es ist kleines Frauchen’ – It is your little wife – and asked for ‘ein Kuss’ – a kiss – but he could barely raise his head. She retired to the anteroom, where she sank to the floor, her face buried in her hands and said: ‘Why must I suffer this? It is like tearing the flesh from my bones.’
Back and distraught, Victoria kissed Albert and clung to him. His breathing became gentle. ‘Oh, this is death,’ she said and added, ‘I know it. I have seen this before,’ as she knelt by his side. It took some persuasion to get her to leave the room. He was just 42.
Victoria did not appear in public for three years. However, under the influence of the Prime Minister, she resumed public life. But Victoria never stopped mourning her beloved prince, wearing black until her death in 1901.
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Клеопатра и Марк Антоний
historical otps ✧ cleopatra & mark antony
Cleopatra → Lyndsey Marshal
Mark Antony → James Purefoy
Caesar’s mistress, Cleopatra was accused of having been a party to his assassination plot. Matters came to such a head that Caesar’s successor and best friend Mark Antony, summoned Cleopatra to explain herself at his headquarters. She crossed the Mediterranean to see him. They fell in love at first sight.
Later, Antony accepted her invitation to visit her in Egypt. Despite all the threats, Antony and Cleopatra got married and were now openly together; and openly a team against Octavius, Antony’s rival for power in Rome. In 31 BC, he declared a war against Antony. The battle between the forces of Octavius and of Antony and Cleopatra took place at Actium, in Greece.
While fighting, Antony got false news of Cleopatra’s death. Shattered by the news of her death, he committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword. When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra’s monument in which she was hiding, and he died in her arms. Octavius attempts to convince Cleopatra to surrender. She refuses. Cleopatra arranged for a small poisonous snake, an asp, to be smuggled into her quarters and applied the snake to her breast. A little later she was found dead.
Antony’s and Cleopatra’s deaths cleared the path for Octavius to become the first Roman Emperor. He ordered a public military funeral for them both and buried them together.
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Лагерта
History Meme: Women ~ Lagertha
According to legend Lagertha was a Danish Viking Shieldmaiden from what is now known as Norway and the onetime wife of Ragnar Lodbrok who she had three children with.
Lagertha’s career as a warrior began when Frø, king of Sweden, invaded Norway. Frø put the women of the dead king’s family into a brothel for public humiliation. Ragnar Lodbrok came with an army to avenge his grandfather who Frø had killed and many of the women Frø had ordered abused fought at Ragnar’s side. Chief among them, and key to Ragnar’s victory, was Lagertha.
“Ladgerda, a skilled Amazon, who, though a maiden, had the courage of a man, and fought in front among the bravest with her hair loose over her shoulders. All-marveled at her matchless deeds, for her locks flying down her back betrayed that she was a woman.”
Years later after Ragnar and Lagertha divorced, Lagertha came to Ragnar’s aid with 120 ships when he faced a Civil War in Denmark. When at the height of the battle, Ragnar’s son Siward was wounded, Lagertha saved the day for Ragnar with a counterattack.
Upon returning to Norway, she quarreled with her husband, and slew him with a spearhead she concealed in her gown.
“usurped the whole of his name and sovereignty; for this most presumptuous dame thought it pleasanter to rule without her husband than to share the throne with him”
(s o u r c e)
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Ательстан
Aethelstan, the first king of England
He ‘who fought against Anlaf and slaughtered his army and put him to flight, and afterwards with his people dwelt in peace,’ is perhaps best remembered for his famous victory over the combined forces of the kings of Dublin, Scots, and Strathclyde at ‘Brunanburh’ in 937. But Aethelstan, the favorite grandson of Alfred the Great, did much more for the land he ruled: he centralized his government, imposed coinage, and perhaps laid the foundation for its future parliament. For whatever the reason, Æthelstan’s importance as the first king of all England cannot be doubted. In the words of the 12th century poet whom William of Malmesbury quoted, this was indeed a great king, glory of his native land: ‘magnus Adelstanus, patriae decus.’ (x)
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Октавиан Август
History meme: men - OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS known to posterity as the Emperor Augustus Caesar, was the first emperor of Rome, the first of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and the adopted son of Julius Caesar. He reformed the Praetorian Guard and laws on marriage and adultery, had the power of a tribune, and was Pontifex Maximus (head priest). He extended the boundaries of the Roman Empire, ensured the Pax Romana, and built up the city of Rome (I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.) Augustus put an end to the already seriously decaying republican system of government. It was under his rule that Varus suffered a disastrous defeat in Teutoberg Wald (9 AD), which put a temporary end to territorial ambition beyond the Rhine. The result of such a situation was the strengthening of the Empire’s borders. Since Octavian failed to produce an heir with his wife Livia, her son Tiberius succeeded him after his death in 14 AD.
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Ганнибал
History meme - HANNIBAL was the leader of Carthaginian military forces who fought against Rome in the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). He almost overpowered Rome, and was considered its greatest enemy. Hannibal’s first military success, in Saguntum, in Spain, precipitated the Second Punic War. During this war, Hannibal led the forces of Carthage across the Alps with elephants and achieved surprising military victories, most famous of which were at Lake Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC). When his generals told him it was impossible to cross the Alps by elephant, his response was, supposedly, Aut viam inveniam aut faciam which means I shall either find a way or make one. However, when Hannibal lost at the Battle of Zama (202 BC) Carthage had to make heavy concessions to the Romans. Some time after the end of the Second Punic War, Hannibal left North Africa for Asia Minor. There he helped Antiochus III of Syria fight Rome, but her was forced to flee to Bithynia where he served as commander of the fleet. In 183 or 182 BC, he committed suicide by ingesting poison. He was at Bithynia, at the time, and in danger of being extradited to Rome.
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Черная смерть
HISTORY MEME: (NATURAL DISASTER) - The Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350, and killing between 75 million and 200 million people. Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium probably causing several forms of plague. The Black Death is thought to have started in China or central Asia. It then travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, it was probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population. All in all, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million to a number between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe’s population to recover. The plague reoccurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.
"One citizen avoided another, hardly any neighbour troubled about others, relatives never or hardly ever visited each other. Moreover, such terror was struck into the hearts of men and women by this calamity, that brother abandoned brother, and the uncle his nephew, and the sister her brother, and very often the wife her husband. What is even worse and nearly incredible is that fathers and mothers refused to see and tend their children, as if they had not been theirs." - Giovanni Boccaccio (Italian writer, lived through the plague as it ravaged the city of Florence in 1348)
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Гражданская война 1861-1865
History Meme:
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Conflict over issues of how much control the federal government should have over the states, industrialization, trade, and especially slavery had increased tension between Northern and Southern states. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, 11 Southern states seceded (or withdrew) from the Union and set up an independent government—the Confederate States of America. These events led to the outbreak of the Civil War—a brutal, bloody, four-year conflict that left the South defeated and ended slavery at the cost of more than half a million lives.
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Роми Шнайдер и Ален Делон
HISTORY MEME - FRANCE VERSION ♛ pairings: Romy Schneider & Alain Delon (1958-1964)
They met on the set of “Christine” (1958), felt in love and she moved with him to Paris. Schneider became engaged to Delon in 1959. They never got married though, they were always delaying it. Delon broke up with her in 1964, breaking her heart. They continued starring in films together, like La Piscine (The Swimming Pool) (1968). Alain placed a piece of paper with the following words on her tomb: “Tu n’as jamais été aussi belle, tu vois j’ai appris quelques mots allemands pour toi: Ich liebe dich meine Liebe” which means “You have never been so beautful, you see that I learned some words in German for you: I love you my love”…
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Поражение испанской Армады
HISTORY MEME - THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
The Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled and dispatched by King Phillip II of Spain in attempt to invade England in 1588. His attempt was unsuccessful. Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire.
The armada had a mission of both political and religious aims. King Phillip, the leader of the Roman Catholic Spain, was not able to stop a revolt in of his Protestant subjects in the Netherlands, a revolt which began in 1566, aided by Protestant England. By 1586, Phillip had decided that he could not defeat the Dutch until he had defeated England first.
Long time religious rivalry between Spain and England was hoped to be resolved by King Phillip in the dethroning of Queen Elizabeth, reconverting England to Catholicism. The plan for conquering had begun. This plan consisted of the coordination of a fleet to sail from Spain and an army from the Netherlands to create a simultaneous invasion of England. His force of 130 ships and more than 30,000 men was to be led by Alonso Peréz de Guzmán, duke of Medina-Sidonia.
England was aware of the Spanish plans, attacking it at Cádiz, Spain in 1587, succeeding in delaying it for a year. By July of 1588, the armada was spotted off the coast of England on July 29. Lord Charles Howard intercepted it with a larger English fleet near Plymouth, and for the next week made small attacks on the Spanish in battles off of Plymouth, Portland Bill, and the Isle of Wight.
Unable to break the Spanish Armada, they waited for their chance at a big blow. The opportunity finally arrived when the armada anchored near Calais, France, hoping to join troops scheduled to sail from the Netherlands. Ingeniously, Howard ordered ships set on fire to be sent against the armada, producing a panic that broke the Spanish formation. In the ensuing battle of Gravelines, on August 8, the Spanish were defeated by England and the armada sailed home with remaining ships that were heavily damaged to Spain; 67 of the original 130 ships reached Spain, most in poor condition. [x]
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Пороховой заговор
HISTORY MEME {The Gunpowder Plot}
Catholics in England had expected James I to be more tolerant of them. In fact, he had proved to be the opposite and had ordered all Catholic priests to leave England. This so angered some Catholics that they decided to kill James and put his daughter Elizabeth on the throne ensuring that she was a Catholic. This led to a plot to kill not only the king of England, James, but also everyone sitting in the Houses of Parliament at the same time as James was there when he opened Parliament on November 5th, 1605.
Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators, having rented out a house right by the Houses of Parliament, managed to get 36 barrels of gunpowder into a cellar of the House of Lords.
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Чак Тейлор All-Stars
HISTORY MEME - CHUCK TAYLOR ALL-STARS
Converse Rubber Shoe Company was created by Marquis Mills Converse in 1908 in Malden, Massachusetts. In 1917, the company designed a shoe called the All Star. The shoe was composed of a rubber sole and canvas upper and was designed to be an elite shoe for the professional basketball league. In 1923, after Chuck Taylor made improvements to the shoe, Converse decided to incorporate his name onto the ankle patches that displayed the Converse All Star logo. Then, in the 1930s Taylor’s signature was put into the design, which is how the shoe became known as the “Chuck Taylor” All Star. Throughout the years, Converse Chuck Taylor All Stars made a shift from athletic sportswear to casual footwear. Originally an elite basketball shoe, the Chuck Taylor All Star evolved into the shoe of choice for many subcultures. The shoes became popular among many groups throughout the decades.
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Екатерининский дворец, Царское Село
history meme: places ↔ catherine palace, tsarskoye selo, russia
Peter the Great gave the estate to his wife, Catherine I of Russia, in 1708 as a present. She founded the Blagoveschensky church in 1724, changing the settlement’s name to Blagoveschenskoye, although it quickly went out of use.
Catherine I started to use it as a country side residence, but her daughter Empress Elizabeth of Russia and architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli are hugely responsible for the building of Catherine Palace.
Catherine the Great and architect Charles Cameron extended the palace, which is now known as the Cameron Gallery.
In 1918, Tsarskoye Selo was renamed to Detskoye Selo by the Bolsheviks, then renamed again to Pushkin in 1937.
On September 17, 1941, the Germans occupied Pushkin. They destroyed many historical monuments, buildings and cultural artifacts, also the Amber Room.
On January 24, 1944, the Red Army liberated the town. Reconstruction began on Tsarskoye Selo after the war, many rooms in the palace have been re-done. Work on the palatial church and Alexander Palace is still under way.
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Эдуард и Уоллис Симпсон
Pairings; Edward Vii & Wallis Simpson
On the 10th of January, 1931 Prince Edward of England met Mrs. Wallis Simpson and her husband Ernest. In January 1934, while Lady Furness was away in New York City(Edward Vii previous mistress) Wallis allegedly became the Prince’s mistress. Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as “evidence of a physical act.” Wallis soon ousted Lady Furness, and the Prince distanced himself from a former lover, heiress Freda Dudley Ward. According to Wallis, it was during a cruise on Lord Moyne’s private yacht Rosaura in August 1934 that she fell in love with Edward. At an evening party in Buckingham Palace, he introduced his mother - his father was outraged, primarily on account of her marital history, as divorced people were generally excluded from court. Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels. The relationship made Edward very unpopular with the British government, his mother and the Duke of York, his brother, she was perceived by many in the British Empire as a woman of “limitless ambition” who was pursuing the King because of his wealth and position.
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Королевство Италия
HISTORY MEME | ITALIAN VERSION ⇢ Kingdoms/Republics
❈ The Kingdom of Italy
The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. After the Revolutions of 1848, the apparent leader of the Italian unification movement was Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was popular amongst southern Italians and in the world was renowned for his extremely loyal followers. Garibaldi led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy, but the northern Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, a de facto Piedmontese state, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. Though the kingdom had no physical connection to Rome (seen by all as the natural capital of Italy, but still capital of the Papal States), the kingdom had successfully challenged Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence, liberating Lombardy-Venetia from Austrian rule. The kingdom also had established important alliances which helped it improve the possibility of Italian unification, such as Britain and the Second French Empire in the Crimean War. Sardinia was dependent on France being willing to protect it and in 1860, Sardinia was forced to cede territory to France to maintain relations, including Garibaldi’s birthplace Nice.
Cavour moved to challenge republican unification efforts by Garibaldi by organizing popular revolts in the Papal States. He used these revolts as a pretext to invade the country, even though the invasion angered the Catholics, whom he told that the invasion was an effort to protect the Roman Catholic Church from the anti-clerical secularist nationalist republicans of Garibaldi. Only a small portion of the Papal States around Rome remained in the control of Pope Pius IX. Despite their differences, Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi’s Southern Italy allowing it to join the union with Piedmont-Sardinia in 1860. Subsequently the Parliament declared the creation of the Kingdom of Italy on February 18, 1861 (officially proclaiming it on March 17, 1861) composed of both Northern Italy and Southern Italy. King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia from the House of Savoy was then declared King of Italy, though he did not renumber himself with the assumption of the new title. [х]
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Бермудский треугольник
history meme: objects or places | the Bermuda Triangle
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil’s Triangle, is an undefined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances appeared in a September 17, 1950 article published in The Miami Herald. Two years later, Fate magazine published a short article covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Some speculated that unknown and mysterious forces account for the unexplained disappearances, such as extraterrestrials; the influence of the lost continent of Atlantis; and other whimsical ideas.
Some explanations are more grounded in science, if not in evidence. The majority of Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes pass through the Bermuda Triangle. Also, the Gulf Stream can cause rapid, sometimes violent, changes in weather. Additionally, the large number of islands in the Caribbean Sea creates many areas of shallow water that can be treacherous to ship navigation.
The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard contend that there are no supernatural explanations for disasters at sea. Their experience suggests that the combined forces of nature and human fallibility outdo even the most incredulous science fiction.
The ocean has always been a mysterious place to humans, and when foul weather or poor navigation is involved, it can be a very deadly place. This is true all over the world. There is no evidence that mysterious disappearances occur with any greater frequency in the Bermuda Triangle than in any other large, well-traveled area of the ocean. [more]
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Радиопостановка Орсона Уэллса "Война миров"
history meme: moments | Orson Welles “War of the Worlds” Radio Broadcast
On the night of October 30, 1938, families everywhere were gathered around their radios for another episode of CBS’s Mercury Theater On The Air. The evening’s episode was a radio adaptation of the H.G. Wells classic War Of The Worlds, in which the Earth is invaded from outer space and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, The story was familiar to many, but was about to be presented in a way that had never been heard before. Instead of simply telling the story, the broadcast presented it as a series of newscasts that interrupted “regular programming” to describe a martian invasion that started in a small town in New Jersey.
While the live news format had been used in radio drama before, it had never been done as realistically or for as long without commercial interruption. The episode prompted many listeners to flee their homes and call friends and family for verification, suggesting to many that an actual alien invasion by Martians was currently in progress. While somewhat primitive by today’s standards, the broadcast was far ahead of its time and was an early demonstration of the power of radio for both news and entertainment. [more]
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Изобразительное искусство Византии
European Art History Meme:
→Byzantine Art:
Characterized by religious expression, such as translating church theology into artistic viewing, anonymous artists would paint mosaics on church walls. х х
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Данте и Беатриче
history meme: pairings | DANTE and BEATRICE
Dante Alighieri first met the beautiful Beatrice Portinari when he was 9 and she was 8, in a gathering at her father’s palazzo in Florence. and fell madly in love with her. She captivated him completely. As he later wrote, “From that time forward love fully ruled my soul.” For the next nine years he remained absolutely besotted with her but only from a distance. He frequented places where he could catch a glimpse of her, but she never spoke to him until nine years later. Then one afternoon, in 1293 when he was 18, he saw her walking down a street in Florence. Accompanied by two older women, Beatrice turned and greeted him. Her greeting filled him with such joy that he retreated to his room to think about her. Falling asleep, he had a dream that became the subject of the first sonnet in his La Vita Nuova, one of the world’s greatest romantic poems.
In 13th century Florence arranged marriages were the norm, especially amongst the uppers classes, to which both Dante and Beatrice belonged. So, at the age of 21 Dante was married off to Gemma Donati, to whom he had been betroted since the age of 12 and Beatrice married a year later too, only to die three years after that, at the tender age of 24. Dante was devastated.
He remained devoted to Beatrice for the rest of his life and it was her that continued to lend inspiration to his work
Dante completed La Vita Nuova (1294), one of the world’s greatest romantic poems, when he was 29 years old. Yet he felt that his love sonnets still did not do justice to honor the beauty and blessedness of his dear Beatrice, the glorious lady of his mind. So he vowed to write a poem to honor his beloved that has never been written of any woman. Dante fulfilled this promise 27 years later just before his death, when he finished The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia- 1321)— the greatest love poem about the soul’s ascent from Inferno to Purgatory to Paradise.
Beatrice appeared as his guide: being the incarnation of true love, she led him into the Beatific vision in Paradise…
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казнь семьи Романовых
history meme - assassinations
The execution of the Romanovs (17 July 1918). Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate in March 1917, and following his abdication, he and his family were put in house arrest at the Alexander Palace in St Petersburg. As civil war broke out in Russia, it was decided in August 1917 that the Romanovs should be moved from St Petersburg to Tobolsk in Siberia citing protection of the family as the reason for the move. As the Bolsheviks continued to gather strength, the Romanovs were to be moved once more - this time to the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg in the Urals in April/May 1918. In July 1918, the advancing White Army made the Bolsheviks anxious and they eventually decided to murder the family and their servants.
In the early hours of 17 July 1918, the family was awakened, told to get dressed, and was led down into a half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev House (“The House of Special Purpose”). The Romanovs were told that there was commotion in the streets of Ekaterinburg and the move was made for safety reasons. A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room. Once the family had settled in the room, the Bolshevik officer Yarov Yurovsky announced to them that had been condemned to death by the Ural Soviet of Workers’ Deputies. Nicholas managed to ask “What? What?” before the family was showered in gun shots and eventually all eleven people had been killed. It is said that the four grand duchesses had to be finished off with bayonets as they had sewn their remaining jewellery in their blouses which deflected the bullets (+more).
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Юрий Гагарин
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Два римских триумвирата
history meme:
a T R I U M V I R A T E (from Latin, “triumvirātus”, a group of three men) is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir. In the late Roman Republic, two three-man political alliances existed, two groups who took over the Roman government when they became powerful enough. Jealousy, ambition, and rivalry ultimately caused the end of both of them.
The First Triumvirate (from 60-54 B.C.) was an informal political alliance of Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus (“Pompey the Great”) and Marcus Crassus. The arrangement had no legal status, and its purpose was to consolidate the political power of the three and their supporters against the senatorial elite. After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, the two survivors fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator.
The Second Triumvirate (created in 43 B.C.) was recognized as a triumvirate at the time. A Lex Titia formalized the rule of Augustus (Gaius Octavian), Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. The legal language makes reference to the traditional tresviri. This “three-man commission for restoring the constitution of the republic” in fact was given the power to make or annul law without approval from either the Senate or the people; their judicial decisions were not subject to appeal, and they named magistrates at will. Although the constitutional machinery of the Republic was not irrevocably dismantled by the Lex Titia, in the event it never recovered. Lepidus was sidelined early in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in civil war, leaving Octavian the sole leader.
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встреча Моцарта и Бетховена
history meme: Mozart and Beethoven meeting, 1787
The famous meeting would have occured in Mozart’s home in Vienna in March or April of 1787. The house is a rather famous one, with many great events in the history of music having taken place there (it was there that Haydn is said to have praised Mozart in front of his father, it was there almost a century later that Julius Epstein referred to Johannes Brahms as “the heir of Beethoven”, and there Mozart wrote his operas “The Marriage of Figaro” and “Don Giovanni” ). Exactly how the meeting went is unknown. Some believe that a young 16 years old Beethoven did meet Mozart and impressed the older composer with his budding talent, eliciting even a comment from Mozart to his wife Constanza “Remember that boy’s name. One day you will hear it often”. But others believe that Mozart was not impressed and actually rejected Beethoven as a student. And still others say they never met.
But Beethoven did want to study composition with Mozart, and was unable to stay more than a few weeks in Vienna when he found out his mother was dying in Bonn, so they could never meet after 1787.
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арест рыцарей тамплиеров и конец ордена
history meme: The Arrets of the Knights Templars and the end of the Order
Founded in France, the Knights Templar were among the most wealthy and powerful of the Western Christian military orders. The organization existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages. Officially endorsed by the Catholic Church around 1129, the Order became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power. Templar knights were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades.
The Templars’ existence was tied closely to the Crusades; when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded. Rumours about the Templars’ secret initiation ceremony created mistrust and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, took advantage of the situation.
On Friday, 13 October 1307 (a date sometimes linked with the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition) the King, with the support of the Pope Clement, ordered the Templar Grand Master de Molay and scores in Paris to be arrested. 138 persons in the capital were incarcerated. The same happened simultaneously in all the Temples of the Kingdom of France. The Templars were charged with numerous offences (including apostasy, idolatry, heresy, obscene rituals and homosexuality, financial corruption and fraud, and secrecy). Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture, and these confessions, even though obtained under duress, caused a scandal, precipitating the fall of the Order. Dozens of Templars burned at the stake.
According to legend, the Templar Grand Master called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God: “God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death!”. Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year. [more]
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@темы: #internet, #флэшмоб, #picspam, #зацепило, #cultural nerd
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21.01.2014 в 19:53Такая же ситуация. Но в 20 лет я уже не проливаю реки слез при просмотре этого мультика, а в детстве, ооо..
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21.01.2014 в 21:09Я в конце только рыдала, когда они уже прошли море. Хотя сейчас-то знаю, что на этом всё только начинается х)
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22.01.2014 в 17:32А ну не порть мне впечатление своими историческими фактами хд
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22.01.2014 в 17:51-
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22.01.2014 в 18:06Просто я не могу поверить, что Дримворкс меня обманывал все детство хд
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22.01.2014 в 18:26-
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26.01.2014 в 14:22Всегда сворачиваюсь в бурито грусти на этом моменте
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26.01.2014 в 18:38